Comparison of subcutaneous versus intranasal immunization of male koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) for induction of mucosal and systemic immunity against Chlamydia pecorum

- Immunization of male koalas induced both humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
- The vaccine can be administered by either subcutaneous or intranasal routes.
- Intranasal immunization elicited greater humoral responses in mucosal secretions.
- Subcutaneous immunization induced greater cell-mediated responses in whole blood.
- Subcutaneous immunization induced higher plasma humoral responses.