Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
10969142 | Vaccine | 2011 | 10 Pages |
Abstract
The present study investigated the detailed humoral and cellular immune responses in mice vaccinated intranasally or intramuscularly with plant-derived influenza H5N1 (A/Anhui/1/05) antigen alone or formulated with bis-(3â²,5â²)-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) as adjuvant. The use of c-di-GMP as intramuscular adjuvant did not enhance the immune response to plant-derived influenza H5 antigen. However, intranasal c-di-GMP-adjuvanted vaccine induced strong mucosal and systemic humoral immune responses. Additionally, the intranasal vaccine elicited a balanced Th1/Th2 profile and, most importantly, high frequencies of multifunctional Th1 CD4+ cells. Our results highlight that c-di-GMP is a promising mucosal adjuvant for pandemic influenza vaccine development.
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Authors
Abdullah S. Madhun, Lars R. Haaheim, Jane Kristin Nøstbakken, Thomas Ebensen, Jessica Chichester, Vidadi Yusibov, Carlos A. Guzman, Rebecca J. Cox,