Emerging bioanalytical applications of DNA walkers

DNA walkers are a unique class of dynamic DNA devices that move nucleic acid walkers processively along designated one-, two-, or three-dimensional tracks. Because of the unique mechanical motion, dynamic interaction, and capabilities for signal amplification, programmable signal transduction, high directionality, and predictable analytical performance on the basis of Watson-Crick base paring rules, this class of dynamic DNA nanodevice has gained great attention from the analytical community in the recent years. In the review, we will first describe the general design features of DNA walkers and then focus on their bioanalytical applications ranging from nucleic acid sensing, to protein detection and to cellular imaging and analysis.