It works both ways. Enhancing explicit self-esteem using the self-reference task

The self-reference task (SRT) is an evaluative learning paradigm that uses the positive valence of the self to change the attitude towards new and neutral stimuli. In this contribution, we present evidence regarding the possibility of changing the attitudes towards the self, following a modified SRT. In three independent research studies, we provided participants in experimental groups with an SRT that paired the self with highly positive pictures. After the completion of the modified SRT, participants in the experimental group reported significantly higher explicit self-esteem (in all studies) and more positive self-views (Study 1 and Study 2), as compared with a control group. In the second study, students completed the modified SRT each day for two weeks. The participants in the experimental group reported more positive explicit self-esteem and higher psychological well-being (e.g., higher academic engagement and lower academic burnout), as compared to the control group. However, Study 3 did not provide evidence regarding the effect of the modified SRT on self-reported mental health. Our results suggest that asking individuals to relate the self with another stimulus can be used in both directions to transfer valence from the self to external targets, and from external targets to the self.