A recent overview of the application of liquid-phase microextraction to the determination of organic micro-pollutants

Liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) techniques are widely used for sample preparation in a number of analytical determinations involving different matrices. These techniques exhibit unique features including environmentally-friendly aspects, high extraction capacity and low cost. In this study, the application of liquid-phase microextraction for the determination of organic micro-pollutants is explored and reviewed. Very recent developments are discussed and highlighted focusing on the extraction efficiency and analytical performance achieved in each study. Some applications of important developments in alternative and “greener” extraction solvents, such as ionic liquids (IL), magnetic ionic liquids (MILs), deep eutectic solvents (DES) and supramolecular solvents (SUPRAS), are mentioned. Moreover, the impressive features of microchip devices for LPME and the promising developments of combining two microextraction techniques for the determination of organic micro-pollutants are presented.