Imaging findings and complications of transcatheter interventional treatments via the inferior phrenic arteries in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization or transcatheter arterial embolization via the inferior phrenic artery in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma was relatively safe. Shoulder pain was the most frequent complication, and required only conservative treatment. There was no clear connection between pleural effusion or basal atelectasis and collateral circulation from the right inferior phrenic artery to the pulmonary artery depicted on angiography, computed tomography during angiography or post-procedure computed tomography.