Integrating c2e and c2c Traffic into City Logistics Planning

City Logistics generally addresses inbound movements, from regions outside the city to the zone under City Logistics control. Integrating outbound and intra-city traffic may contribute to make freight transportation more efficient and less intrusive on mobility, the environment, and general quality-of-life conditions in the city. It may also raise significant managerial and methodological challenges, which increase with the degree of integration of fleets and operations. We describe and analyze a number of representative service-integration scenarios, discuss operational and managerial issues, examine corresponding methodological challenges, and identify associated research avenues.