Incorporating risks in City Logistics

This paper presents a review on incorporating risks caused by natural and manmade hazards in city logistics modelling. We describe the classification of risks related to city logistics based on the source of difficulty for assessing risks caused by events. Methodologies for modelling risks for urban freight transport are outlined including, stochastic programming, multi-objective optimisation, robust optimisation, multi-agent simulation, and traffic simulation. New concepts of human security engineering are presented and discussed focusing on natural disasters, manmade disasters, hazardous material transport, traffic safety, and health issues. Human security engineering is very important to provide appropriate tools for decision making related to urban freight policy incorporating risks due to natural and manmade hazards.