Trifluorosubstrates as mechanistic probes for an FMN-dependent l-2-hydroxy acid-oxidizing enzyme

•Trifluorolactate is a substrate for an FMN-dependent lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).•Trifluorolactate is known to be an inhibitor for an NAD-dependent LDH.•Trifluoropyruvate reoxidizes the reduced FMN-dependent LDH faster than pyruvate.•Trifluoropyruvate is reduced more slowly than pyruvate by the NAD-dependent LDH.•The chemical mechanism of the FMN-dependent and NAD-dependent LDH's is different.

A controversy exists with respect to the mechanism of l-2-hydroxy acid oxidation by members of a family of FMN-dependent enzymes. A so-called carbanion mechanism was initially proposed, in which the active site histidine abstracts the substrate α-hydrogen as a proton, followed by electron transfer from the carbanion to the flavin. But an alternative mechanism was not incompatible with some results, a mechanism in which the active site histidine instead picks up the substrate hydroxyl proton and a hydride transfer occurs. Even though more recent experiments ruling out such a mechanism were published (Rao & Lederer (1999) Protein Science 7, 1531–1537), a few authors have subsequently interpreted their results with variant enzymes in terms of a hydride transfer. In the present work, we analyse the reactivity of trifluorolactate, a substrate analogue, with the flavocytochrome b2 (Fcb2) flavodehydrogenase domain, compared to its reactivity with an NAD-dependent lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), for which this compound is known to be an inhibitor (Pogolotti & Rupley (1973) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, 55, 1214–1219). Indeed, electron attraction by the three fluorine atoms should make difficult the removal of the α-H as a hydride. We also analyse the reactivity of trifluoropyruvate with the FMN- and NAD-dependent enzymes. The results substantiate a different effect of the fluorine substituents on the two enzymes compared to their normal substrates. In the discussion we analyse the conclusions of recent papers advocating a hydride transfer mechanism for the family of l-2-hydroxy acid oxidizing FMN-dependent enzymes.

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