Low temperature conversion (LTC) of castor seeds—A study of the oil fraction (pyrolysis oil)

The low temperature conversion (LTC) process applied to a castor seed sample at 380 °C produced pyrolysis oil (50%, w/w), pyrolytic char (29%, w/w), water (13%, w/w) and gas (8%, w/w) fractions. The oil fraction was subjected to analysis of by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, GCMS and physical–chemical analysis such as sulfur content, distillation, density, flash-point, kinematic viscosity, Ramsbottom carbon residue, ash content, corrosivity to copper, water content and sediment, cold filter plugging point, and gross calorific value.