Steroid hormone determination in water using an environmentally friendly membrane based extraction technique

In this study, a method was developed for determination of steroid hormones (17β-estradiol, estrone, 17α-ethynylestradiol) in tap and sewage water samples from Sweden. Sample preparation and analysis were performed by a hollow-fibre microporous membrane liquid–liquid extraction (HF-MMLLE) set-up combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In this approach, only the organic liquid in the lumen (10 μL) of the hollow-fibre membrane was utilised for depleting extraction. Several parameters were studied, including: type of organic solvent, sample pH, salt and humic acid content. The optimised method allowed the determination of the analyte at the low ng L−1 level in tap and sewage water. A linear plot gave correlation coefficients better than 0.995 and resulted in a method limit of detection of 1.6, 3 and 10 ng L−1 for 17β-estradiol, estrone, and 17α-ethynylestradiol, respectively, in sewage water. Enrichment factors were over 1400 after derivatisation. The repeatabilities at 50 and 600 ng L−1 were better than 10% and 6%, respectively.