Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles by various tea extracts: Comparative study of the reactivity

•Iron nanoparticles (Fe NPs) were synthesized by 3 tea extracts.•Differences in Fe NPs synthesized were observed by characterization.•The removal of malachite green was 81.2%, 75.6% and 67.1%.•Degradation mechanism of MG using Fe NPs were proposed.

Iron nanoparticles (Fe NPs) are often synthesized using sodium borohydride with aggregation, which is a high cost process and environmentally toxic. To address these issues, Fe NPs were synthesized using green methods based on tea extracts, including green, oolong and black teas. The best method for degrading malachite green (MG) was Fe NPs synthesized by green tea extracts because it contains a high concentration of caffeine/polyphenols which act as both reducing and capping agents in the synthesis of Fe NPs. These characteristics were confirmed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), UV–visible (UV–vis) and specific surface area (BET). To understand the formation of Fe NPs using various tea extracts, the synthesized Fe NPs were characterized by SEM, X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). What emerged were different sizes and concentrations of Fe NPs being synthesized by tea extracts, leading to various degradations of MG. Furthermore, kinetics for the degradation of MG using these Fe NPs fitted well to the pseudo first-order reaction kinetics model with more than 20 kJ/mol activation energy, suggesting a chemically diffusion-controlled reaction. The degradation mechanism using these Fe NPs included adsorption of MG to Fe NPs, oxidation of iron, and cleaving the bond that was connected to the benzene ring.

Graphical abstractUV–vis images of degradation of malachite green using various Fe NPs.Figure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slide