Siloxane and silsesquioxane molecules—Precursors for silicate materials

Preparation of ceramics by sol–gel method has been known for many years, but recently it has been developed as a method for the synthesis of nanostructural ceramic materials. Hydrolytic polycondensation of simple molecules [e.g. most widely used tetraethoxysilane (TEOS)] leads to xerogel materials that can contain macromolecules of distinct random, ladder and cage or partial cage structure. In order to obtain well-defined silsesquioxanes it is preferred to start the process with more complex molecules, bringing in a specific framework that can govern the structure of the product. In the presented work alkoxy derivatives of cyclosiloxanes and polysiloxanes as well as a hydride derivative of octahedral silsequioxane (T8H) were applied as precursors in the process of hydrolytic polycondensation. Depending on the reaction conditions, silsesquioxane macromolecules or silica material of ordered structure were obtained.We have prepared mesoporous organiosilica materials without using any template or surfactant whatsoever. The meso-pores are created due to the unique structure of initial oligosiloxane or silsequioxane molecules and the specific interactions in the used catalyst/solvent system. In the case of octasilsesquioxane precursor, the condensation process gives directly mesoporous silica material. Dried polysilsesquioxanes were heated at the temperature of 600 °C in argon or air atmosphere (pyrolysis or ceramization). In the atmosphere of argon SiCxOy glass materials were obtained.