Relative predominance of azo and hydrazone tautomers of 4-carboxyl-2,6-dinitrophenylazohydroxynaphthalenes in binary solvent mixtures

Azo–hydrazone tautomerism is a phenomenon that occurs in azo dyes possessing substituents conjugated to the azo linkage which has labile proton that can be exchanged intramolecularly. Thus the predominance of one tautomer over another is a function of many factors among which are solvent polarity, solvent type, solute–solvent interactions and the structure of the dye molecule itself. The 4-carboxyl-2,6-dinitrophenylazohydroxynaphthalenes, previously shown to exhibit azo–hydrazone tautomerism, were studied for the relative predominance of one form over another based on interaction at the microenvironment of binary solvent mixtures containing DMF and non-hydrogen bonding (CCl4), hydrogen bond donor (toluene, chloroform), hydrogen bond acceptor (acetonitrile, acetone) and the alcohols; ethanol and methanol as solvent pairs.The three dyes gave two main bands in the 50:50 mixture of DMF with these solvents consisting of a high energy band at 250–382 nm while the low energy bands for the dyes occurred at 415–485 nm. Spectral shifts in the binary solvent mixtures were related to the solvent dipolarity, basicity of the less polar component relative to DMF, substituent type, molar transition energy, formation constant for the hydrogen-bonding solvated complexes and the standard free energy change for hydrogen bonding with DMF.The relative predominance of the hydrazone tautomer bears a direct relationship to the basicity of the solvent, presence of hydrogen bond donor substituent and was associated with high molar transition energies and low formation constant. The microenvironment surrounding the dye molecules played a major role in the stability of one tautomer relative to the other.

Graphical abstractAzo–hydrazone tautomerism in 4-carboxyl-2,6-dinitrophenylazohydroxynaphthalenesFigure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slideHighlights► Behavior of resident azo–hydrazone tautomers on solvation is studied. ► Predominance of azo or hydrazone tautomer found in these closely related azo dyes. ► Despite presence of common OH in the dyes, differences exist in their behaviors. ► Predominance was a function of dye structure, solvent type and solvent properties.