Synthesis, growth and characterization of l-lysinium(+)…l-lysinium(2+) dichloride perchlorate (LLDP) single crystals by Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy method

l-lysinium(+)…l-lysinium(2+) dichloride perchlorate was synthesized at ambient temperature and bulk single crystals were grown by conventional and Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy methods. Crystals grown by these methods were subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, high resolution X-ray diffraction, Vickers microhardness and thermogravimetric/differential scanning calorimetric/differential thermal analyses. Further, the cut-off wavelength and optical transmittance of the grown crystals were determined by UV–vis–NIR spectrum. Linear refractive index (nx) of the crystal was measured using minimum deviation method for different wavelengths. Optical quality of the grown crystals was analyzed by conoscopic interference pattern and the birefringence was calculated using interferometric technique. Surface laser damage threshold of the crystal was determined using Nd:YAG laser. The nonlinear refractive index n2 was measured through the Z-scan technique using low power continuous wave HeNe laser. Frequency and temperature dependent dielectric constant (εr) and dielectric loss (tan δ) were measured.

Graphical abstractUnidirectionally grown LLDP single crystals.Figure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slideHighlights► Twenty milimeter dia. and 50 mm length LLDP single crystal was grown by SR method. ► The crystal possesses good optical transmittance and optical homogeneity. ► The surface laser damage threshold of the crystal was found to be 4.26 GW/cm2. ► Third order nonlinearity of the crystal was determined using Z scan technique.