pKa determinations of xanthene derivates in aqueous solutions by multivariate analysis applied to UV–Vis spectrophotometric data

Xanthenes form to an important class of dyes which are widely used. Most of them present three acid–base groups: two phenolic sites and one carboxylic site. Therefore, the pKa determination and the attribution of each group to the corresponding pKa value is a very important feature. Attempts to obtain reliable pKa through the potentiometry titration and the electronic absorption spectrophotometry using the first and second orders derivative failed. Due to the close pKa values allied to strong UV–Vis spectral overlap, multivariate analysis, a powerful chemometric method, is applied in this work. The determination was performed for eosin Y, erythrosin B, and bengal rose B, and also for other synthesized derivatives such as 2-(3,6-dihydroxy-9-acridinyl) benzoic acid, 2,4,5,7-tetranitrofluorescein, eosin methyl ester, and erythrosin methyl ester in water. These last two compounds (esters) permitted to attribute the pKa of the phenolic group, which is not easily recognizable for some investigated dyes. Besides the pKa determination, the chemometry allowed for estimating the electronic spectrum of some prevalent protolytic species and the substituents effects evaluation.

Graphical abstractFigure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slideHighlights► Inefficiency of the traditional methodologies in analyzing complex protolytic system. ► Close pKa values allied to spectral overlap difficult the pKa determination. ► pKa determination of xanthene dyes by multivariate analysis of spectrophotometric data. ► The acidity of protolytic groups is correlated to the presence of substituents. ► Matrix-K method to determine the pure spectrum of each protolytic structure.