Cadmium determination in natural water samples with an automatic multisyringe flow injection system coupled to a flow-through screen printed electrode

Heavy metals, as cadmium, attract a rising attention in environmental studies due to their increasing release by human activities and acute toxicity. In situ analytical methods are needed to minimize current uncertainties caused by the transport and conservation of samples. Here, we present the completely automatic determination of Cd in natural waters using a newly developed screen printed electrode sensor (SPE), inserted in a homemade purpose-built flow cell coupled to a Multi-Syringe Flow Injection Analysis system (MSFIA). The working electrode of SPEs was constituted by a carbon film modified with Nafion. Cd was plated on an in situ bismuth film and determined using Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry. Different chemical conditions of deposition and stripping were studied. A sample/acetic buffer mixture was found to be a well suited medium to form the Bi film and perform the analysis. Cd was quantified via calibration by on line standard additions. The limit of detection was found to be 0.79 μg L−1, well below the limit stipulated by the European directive (5 μg L−1). Good sample throughput (14 h−1) and low consumption of reagent and sample (1.3 mL) were also obtained in line with previous works in Cd flow analysis.

Graphical abstractIn this work the use of a carbon ink SPE is combined with MSFIA in order to develop an automatic flow system to determine Cd concentration in natural samples.Figure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slideHighlights► We have coupled for the first time BIF-SPE to an automated MSFIA system. ► The high sensitivity of SWASV combined with MSFIA reduce the reagents and sample needs. ► The system has provided higher sample throughput. ► Allows Cd determination in waters at lower levels than those established by European directives.