Ion-mobility spectrometry for environmental analysis

Advances and changes in practical aspects of ion-mobility spectrometry (IMS) have led to its widespread use for applications of environmental concern due to its unique characteristics, which include portability, ruggedness, relatively low acquisition costs and speed of analysis. However, limitations regarding the complexity of environmental samples and strict requirements on limits of detection have to be overcome.This article critically reviews existing environmental applications using IMS for the determination of different families of compounds. We also consider the analytical tools developed to solve the limitations regarding selectivity and sensitivity, including those approaches that have led to advances in the instrumentation of IMS and its combination with other techniques for extraction and pre-concentration of analytes, pre-separation of analytes and its coupling to other detection systems.Finally, we discuss current trends that facilitate the deployment of IMS for on-site or in-field analysis.