An analytical overview of processes for removing organic dyes from wastewater effluents

Organic dyes are used in a wide range of industrial applications (e.g., textiles, food products, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals), so they are frequently found in wastewaters and are increasingly becoming an environmental problem. This critical overview covers the most frequently used strategies for dye removal and the most common analytical techniques for monitoring these processes and identifying any intermediates generated. We also analyze experimental design strategies for optimizing removal processes. Finally, our concluding remarks include a future outlook for dye-removal processes and the analytical techniques employed.