Liquid-phase microextraction techniques for simplifying sample treatment in capillary electrophoresis

We review the state of the art in developing liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) systems, including supported liquid membranes, dialysis membranes and hollow fibers for capillary electrophoresis (CE) determination of analytes in complex matrices. Rather than simply cover an exhaustive compilation of available references, we discuss the analytical potential of LPME-CE combinations based on commercially-available and laboratory-made CE equipment. Although we discuss on-batch, on-capillary and coupled combinations, we especially emphasize the interfaces and the approaches used to couple LPME to CE on-line or in-line.