Improvement of ITO-free inverted polymer-based solar cells by using colloidal zinc oxide nanocrystals as electron-selective buffer layer

In this study, we report on the improvement of ITO-free inverted polymer/fullerene solar cells by introducing a zinc oxide (ZnO) layer between the active layer and the cathode. The ZnO layers are deposited from solution, using colloidal ZnO nanocrystals with a rodlike shape, which are obtained using a wet-chemical synthesis route at low temperature. The nanocrystals are widely characterized with respect to their structural, optical, and electronic properties. In particular, simulations of powder X-ray diffraction data based on Rietveld refinement are shown to be a suitable method to characterize the average crystallite shape and particle size. Cyclic voltammetry reveals that nanocrystalline ZnO is an appropriate choice as electron-selective buffer layer in organic solar cells based on a bulk heterojunction of poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Using ITO-free inverted solar cells in substrate configuration with an opaque Cr/Al/Cr bottom electrode, we demonstrate that introducing a cathodic interlayer of ZnO nanocrystals leads to a notable enhancement in photovoltaic performance. The magnitude of the effect is found to depend on the solvents used to process the active layer. In case of absorber blends processed from o-dichlorobenzene, we show an almost threefold increase in efficiency from 0.8 to 2.2% at an active area of 1 cm2.

Graphical abstractFigure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slideHighlights► Solution-processable ZnO nanocrystals were synthesized at low temperature. ► Nanocrystals are successfully modeled using Rietveld refinement. ► Cyclic voltammetry shows excellent band alignment with P3HT:PCBM. ► We introduce ZnO nanocrystals as buffer layer in P3HT:PCBM based solar cells. ► A dramatic increase in efficiency is shown for ITO-free inverted devices.