| Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1264336 | Organic Electronics | 2015 | 7 Pages |
•Devices are monitored over one year with non-accelerated degradation conditions.•Nanoscale mapping and electrical measurements reveal morphology evolution.•Changes in cathode properties occur by migration of fullerene molecules.•Fullerene migration explains improvement in contact selectivity and performance.
Organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices are on the verge of commercialization being long-term stability a key challenge. Morphology evolution during lifetime has been suggested to be one of the main pathways accounting for performance degradation. There is however a lack of certainty on how specifically the morphology evolution relates to individual electrical parameters on operating devices. In this work a case study is created based on a thermodynamically unstable organic active layer which is monitored over a period of one year under non-accelerated degradation conditions. The morphology evolution is revealed by compositional analysis of ultrathin cross-sections using nanoscale imaging in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) coupled with electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). Additionally, devices are electrically monitored in real-time using the non-destructive electrical techniques capacitance–voltage (C–V) and Impedance Spectroscopy (IS). By comparison of imaging and electrical techniques the relationship between nanoscale morphology and individual electrical parameters of device operation can be conclusively discerned. It is ultimately observed how the change in the cathode contact properties occurring after the migration of fullerene molecules explains the improvement in the overall device performance.
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