Biological signaling by small inorganic molecules

•Small inorganic molecules constitute an important class of signaling agent.•Regulated biosynthesis and kinetic constraints control signaling by these species.•Redox interchange is a key factor in signaling by inorganic effector molecules.•Different classes of inorganic molecules can interact to influence signaling.

Small redox active molecules such as reactive nitrogen and oxygen species and hydrogen sulfide have emerged as important biological mediators that are involved in various physiological and pathophysiological processes. Advancement in understanding of cellular mechanisms that tightly regulate both generation and reactivity of these molecules is central to improved management of various disease states including cancer and cardiovascular dysfunction. Imbalance in the production of redox active molecules can lead to damage of critical cellular components such as cell membranes, proteins and DNA and thus may trigger the onset of disease. These small inorganic molecules react independently as well as in a concerted manner to mediate physiological responses. This review provides a general overview of the redox biology of these key molecules, their diverse chemistry relevant to physiological processes and their interrelated nature in cellular signaling.

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