Synthesis, characterization and copper chemistry of a non-symmetric phenanthroline ligand: 2-Methyl-9-(3,5-dimethyl-N-pyrazolylmethyl)-1,10-phenanthroline

The synthesis of an unsymmetrical phenanthroline-based ligand, 2-methyl-9-(3,5-dimethylpyrazolylmethyl)-1,10-phenanthroline (L), and its cupric [Cu(II)] (1) and cuprous [Cu(I)] (2) complexes, are reported. The X-ray structures of each of these Cu complexes show distinct changes in coordination environments consistent with the geometrical preferences of the two oxidation states. In the solid-state, the Cu(II) complex (1) adopts a geometry best described as trigonal bipyramidal, while the Cu(I) complex (2) consists of a single dicationic dimer in which the ligand bridges between two copper ions, separated by 4.26 Å. The two Cu(I) coordination sites differ in 2 with one copper center complexed in a trigonal planar geometry and the other copper in a distorted tetrahedral environment; the latter coordination results from an additional CH3CN ligand. Complex 1 exhibits a reversible redox process at −0.34 V versus Fc/Fc+ in CH3CN, attributable to the Cu2+/Cu+ couple, while the dimeric Cu(I) complex (2) does not display this redox couple on the CV timescale. Over minutes however, complex 1 does oxidize in the presence of dioxygen to 2 in CH3CN.

Graphical abstractThe synthesis of a tridentate ligand integrating both phenanthroline and 3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl moieties is presented along with its Cu(I) and Cu(II) structures. In the solid-state, the Cu(II) complex adopts a geometry best described as trigonal bipyramidal, while the Cu(I) complex consists of a single dicationic dimer in which the ligand bridges between two copper ions, separated by 4.26 Å. The Cu(I) complex slowly oxidizes in the presence of dioxygen.Figure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slide