Electronic and vibrational analysis of porphyrazine liquid-crystalline structure: Toward photochemical phase switching

The electronic and vibrational Raman spectra of octa-substituted (R = –SC10H21) Co- and Cu-porphyrazines are reported in their solid-state, mesophase, and isotropic liquid forms, as well as in THF solution. Their electronic spectra are composed of traditional Soret (CuS10 = 355 nm, CoS10 = 347 nm) and lower energy Q-bands (CuS10 = 669 nm, CoS10 = 639 nm), as well as a weaker, functionality-specific sulfur n → porphyrin π∗ feature (CuS10 = 500 nm; CoS10 = 447 nm). In contrast to the broad Q-band for CoS10 in all three neat phases, the lower energy analogue for CuS10 is markedly sharper in the microcrystalline state, but similarly broadens in the mesophase, indicative of long range macrocycle π–π interactions that persist even into the liquid state. The resonance (λ = 647 nm) and off-resonance (λ = 785 nm) Raman spectra of these materials in each phase exhibit four diagnostic vibrations; the Cα–Nm stretch (∼1540–1553) cm−1, Cβ–Cβ stretch (∼1450 cm−1), Cα–Cβ–Np stretch (∼1300–1315 cm−1), and Cα–Cβ stretch (∼1070 cm−1). For CoS10, these vibrations systematically shift to lower energy upon melting, while those for CuS10 collapse to degenerate sets. The differences in the electronic and vibrational profiles as a function of temperature suggest that the mesophase structure is governed by strong axial Co–S interactions for CoS10 which template macrocycle π–π stacking, while for CuS10 the same contacts exist, but they are phase dependent and markedly weaker. These inter-porphyrazine interactions are, therefore, responsible for the distinct differences in the melting and clearing temperatures of their respective mesophases. Finally, based on these diagnostic spectroscopic signatures, a photo-thermal, phase-switching mechanism is demonstrated with λ = 785 nm excitation at reduced temperatures, leading to the ability to spectrally monitor and phase change with a single photon source.

Graphical abstractElectronic and Raman spectroscopy of Co- and Cu-porphyrazine liquid crystals in all three phases reveal subtle, inter-macrocycle structural detail regarding metal–sulfur and π–π association within the layers. Photo-thermal laser excitation can disrupt this association and phase transition these materials, simultaneously monitoring their in situ state by Raman spectroscopy.Figure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slide