Hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone using ruthenium nanoparticles

The compound [Ru3(CO)12] was used as precursor for the preparation of ruthenium nanoparticles of a typical size of <5 nm of diameter, without the use of additives. Such nanoparticles catalyzed the hydrogenation and cyclization of levulinic acid to selectively produce γ-valerolactone in high yields, either using molecular hydrogen (H2) or formic acid in water as reducing agents.

Graphical abstractThe use of ruthenium nanoparticles in aqueous formic acid allowed the production of γ-valerolactone from levulinic acid in high yields and relatively mild reaction conditions.Figure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slideHighlights► Ruthenium nanoparticles in water. ► Aqueous formic acid. ► γ-Valerolactone from levulinic acid. ► Sustainable process.