‘Total fluorine’ analysis of seed of Australian Gastrolobium spp. showing temporal, spatial and morphological variation

Alkali-fusion in conjunction with a fluoride selective electrode were used to quantify ‘total fluorine’, being organic fluorine + inorganic fluoride, for the seed of 13 species of Gastrolobium from south–west Western Australia. Intact seed covering spatial and temporal distributions, as well as G. bilobum, G. calycinum and G. parviflorum seed dissected into cotyledons and testa + aril, were analysed. Analysis found significant intra-and inter-species variation, both temporally and spatially, with intact seed concentrations ranging from 1.6 ± 0.3 mg kg−1 in G. spinosum from Mundaring to 1063.9 ± 77.8 mg kg−1 for G. cuneatum from Torbay. Approximately 87% of the ‘total fluorine’ was found to be in the seed cotyledons. Additional analysis detected little inorganic fluoride, indicating the majority of fluorine in the seed is organically bound. Parent compound(s) of the fluorine, seed toxicity and the implications of the results for seed chemical defense are discussed.

Graphical abstract‘Total fluorine’ from 1.6 to 1063.9 mg kg−1 was found in Gastrolobium seed. Fluorine was largely organically bound, with significant inter-and intra-species variation. Approximately 87% of seed ‘total fluorine’ was found in the seed cotyledons.Figure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slide