Structural evolution of Na0.5K0.5NbO3 at high temperatures

Changes in structure and dielectric properties at elevated temperatures have been investigated on single-crystals of sodium potassium niobate, Na0.5K0.5NbO3, grown by the flux method. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies revealed that the crystals underwent orthorhombic–tetragonal and tetragonal–cubic phase transitions at 465 and 671 K during heating and 446 and 666 K during cooling, respectively. Both transitions were accompanied by volumetric discontinuities of collapse upon heating and expansion upon cooling, suggesting that the transitions were of the first order. The coordination numbers of an Nb showed a decreasing tendency with decreasing temperature, i.e., 6 in cubic, 5+1 in tetragonal and 4+2 in orthorhombic. An Na atom occupied a slightly different position from the K atom in 12-fold coordination, resulting in fewer coordination numbers of 8+4 in cubic and tetragonal and 7+5 in orthorhombic. The spontaneous polarisation (Ps) estimated from the atom positions and formal charges were approximately 0.29 C m−2 in orthorhombic and 0.18 C m−2 in tetragonal. The contribution of the alkaline oxide components to Ps was estimated to be approximately 15% in both ferroelectric forms. The temperature-induced transitions were also confirmed through the dielectric constant and dielectric loss at various frequencies and the differential scanning calorimetry.

Graphical abstractChanges in pseudocubic cell volume of an Na0.5K0.5NbO3 as a function of temperature; the inset is an enlargement near the transition between the orthorhombic and tetragonal forms.Figure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slide