Synthesis and evaluation of d-gluconamides as green mineral scales

A series of 13 d-gluconamides were synthesized in moderate to good yields and evaluated as green scale inhibitors. The crystal structures of two compounds were determined by X-ray crystallography. The compounds 6c and 6d showed a reasonable inhibition of BaSO4 precipitation from aqueous solution (47% and 51%, respectively) that indicated the potential for these derivatives of δ-gluconolactone.

Graphical abstractA series of 13 d-gluconamides were synthesized in moderate to good yields and evaluated as green scale inhibitors.Figure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slideHighlights► We synthesized a series of 13 d-gluconamides. ► An abundant carbohydrate, δ-gluconolactone, was used as the starting material. ► We examined them as green mineral scale inhibitors. ► Two compounds showed a reasonable inhibition of BaSO4 precipitation from aqueous solution. ► The crystal structures of two d-gluconamides were determined by X-ray crystallography.