Second-generation sulfonamide inhibitors of d-glutamic acid-adding enzyme: Activity optimisation with conformationally rigid analogues of d-glutamic acid

d-Glutamic acid-adding enzyme (MurD) catalyses the essential addition of d-glutamic acid to the cytoplasmic peptidoglycan precursor UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine, and as such it represents an important antibacterial drug-discovery target enzyme. Based on a series of naphthalene-N-sulfonyl-d-Glu derivatives synthesised recently, we synthesised two series of new, optimised sulfonamide inhibitors of MurD that incorporate rigidified mimetics of d-Glu. The compounds that contained either constrained d-Glu or related rigid d-Glu mimetics showed significantly better inhibitory activities than the parent compounds, thereby confirming the advantage of molecular rigidisation in the design of MurD inhibitors. The binding modes of the best inhibitors were examined with high-resolution NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. We have solved a new crystal structure of the complex of MurD with an inhibitor bearing a 4-aminocyclohexane-1,3-dicarboxyl moiety. These data provide an additional step towards the development of sulfonamide inhibitors with potential antibacterial activities.

Graphical abstractFigure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slideHighlights► An optimised series of sulfonamide inhibitors of MurD was synthesised. ► Incorporation of rigidified mimetics of d-glutamic acid contributes to improved inhibitory activities. ► A new crystal structure of the inhibitor in complex with MurD was solved. ► Specific binding of these inhibitors to MurD is demonstrated by high-resolution NMR.