Progresses in the pursuit of aldose reductase inhibitors: The structure-based lead optimization step

Aldose reductase (ALR2) is a crucial enzyme in the development of the major complications of diabetes mellitus. Very recently it has been demonstrated that the ARL2 inhibitor, fidarestat, significantly prevents inflammatory signals (TNF-α, LPS) that cause cancer (colon, breast, prostate and lung), metastasis, asthma, and other inflammatory diseases. Currently, fidarestat is in phase III clinical trial for diabetic neuropathy and was found to be safe. Thus the finding of novel, potent ARL2 inhibitors is today more than in the past in great demand as they can pave the way for a novel therapeutic approach for a number of diseases besides the diabetes. Herein, starting from the virtual screening-derived ALR2 inhibitor S12728 (1), a rational receptor-based lead optimization has been undertaken. The design and synthetic efforts here reported led to the discovery of several new compounds endowed with low micromolar/submicromolar activities.

Graphical abstractFigure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slideHighlights► Aldose reductase is crucial for diabetes complications, inflammation and tumors. ► From a VS-derived ARI a lead optimization was made. ► New inhibitors endowed with low micromolar/submicromolar activities were discovered.