Oxidation of single-walled carbon nanotubes in dilute aqueous solutions by ozone as affected by ultrasound

A clean and simple wet chemical process using dilute aqueous ozone (O3) solution with or without ultrasound (US) was used to functionalize single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Both O3 and O3/US treatments greatly increased the stability of SWCNTs in water. Results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that the surface oxygen to carbon atomic ratio increased by more than 600% after 72 h of O3 treatment. Moreover, the effective particle size of SWCNTs was reduced from the initial 4400 to ∼300 and ∼150 nm, after 24 h of O3 and O3/US treatment, respectively. The zeta potential of treated SWCNTs decreased from 3.0 to −35.0 mV (at pH 4) after 2 h of treatment with both O3 and O3/US. Based on the XPS results, the oxidation pathway was proposed: at the onset of the oxidation reaction, the CC double bond was first converted to COH which was then oxidized to CO and OCOH concurrently. Oxidation reactions could be described well with first order expressions. Treatment time controlled the extent of surface oxidation and subsequently the stability and dispersion of SWCNTs in water.