Micro-Raman spectroscopic analysis of TiO2 phases on the root surfaces of commercial dental implants

ObjectivesTo identify the TiO2 phases of the root surface of commercially available titanium dental implants, subjected to various surface treatments.MethodsThe titanium implants studied were: Allfit (ALF), Ice (ICE), IMZ TPS (TPS), Laser Lok (LLK), Prima Connex (PRC), Ospol (OSP), Osseospeed TX (OSS), Osseotite Full (OTF), Replace Select (RPS), SLA (SLA) and Trilobe (TRB). The root parts of the implants (n:2) were analyzed by Raman microspectroscopy employing argon ion laser excitation (514.5 nm wavelength) and a 100 μm × 100 μm sampling area at two randomly selected sites.ResultsThe spectra of OSP and RPS showed the characteristic peaks of anatase, with traces of rutile (RPS). Complex phases composed of anatase, rutile and amorphous TiO2 were identified in ALF, ICE and LLK. Rutile and amorphous TiO2 were found in PRC, OSS, OTF, TPS and TRB, whereas rutile and possibly brookite were traced in SLA. In all implants, except OSP and RPS, peaks assigned to organic impurities (CH2, CH3) and carbonates were recorded. Ti2O3 was identified in OTF, PRC and Al2O3 in TRB.SignificanceGreat variations in the TiO2 polymorphs were registered among the implant root surfaces tested. Considering the important differences in the biological activity of these polymorphs, it can be concluded that provision of information regarding the TiO2 state on implant surfaces should be a mandatory task for implant manufacturers.