Effect of total dopant concentration and dopant ratio on conductivity of (DyO1.5)x–(WO3)y–(BiO1.5)1−x−y

Dysprosium- and tungsten-stabilized bismuth oxide (DWSB) electrolytes were developed to achieve higher conductivity. With double doping, stabilization of the cubic phase was achieved with as little as 12 mol.% total dopant concentration, resulting in higher conductivity. The conductivity of DWSB electrolytes increased linearly as the total dopant concentrations decreased with fixed dopant ratio. Overall, DWSB has a closer inherent structure to pure δ-Bi2O3 than any singly doped compositions. Both lattice parameter and conductivity linearly extrapolate with total dopant concentration to that of pure δ-Bi2O3, resulting in the ability to stabilize δ-phase at lower dopant concentration, and thus achieving higher conductivity.