Phase change and electrical resistivity of Zn–Mn–Ni–O-based NTC thermistors produced using IZC powder recycled from used dry batteries

Zn–Mn–Ni–Oxide-based NTC thermistors with variable Ni/Mn ratios were fabricated from powder mixtures of recycled IZC, and commercial MnCO3 and NiCO3. Solid phases and electrical resistivity of each sintered sample were studied as a function of Ni/Mn ratio, sintering temperature and sintering time. At 1200 °C for 2 h, samples with the Ni/Mn ratios of 0.38 and higher were found to consist of cubic spinel as a major phase. After sintering at 1250 °C for 10 h, densification proceeded with a phase change from cubic spinel to tetragonal one. The electrical resistivity of the samples obtained at 1200 °C for 2 h progressively decreased with an increasing Ni/Mn ratio up to 0.38, at which the value became the lowest (4.2 × 103 Ω cm at room temperature) of all the samples fabricated.