Characterisation of chemically lithiated heat-treated electrolytic manganese dioxide

Heat treated manganese dioxide is partially lithiated using butyl-lithium to determine the changes in crystal structure, chemical composition and morphology upon reduction, as a means of simulating its discharge behaviour in a non-aqueous battery cathode. As reduction proceeds, and lithium ions are inserted into the heat treated electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) structure, the material undergoes a phase transition to LiMn2O4. This new phase is further reduced to Li2Mn2O4. Reduction initially results in a 56% decrease in the surface area of the material; however, at higher degrees of reduction a slight increase in this value is observed, as a consequence of the strain placed on the lattice through continued lithium insertion.

Graphical abstractFigure optionsDownload full-size imageDownload as PowerPoint slideHighlights► Manganese oxides are a promising cathode material for lithium ion batteries. Here we examine the structural and morphological changes that occur upon reduction, and assess its impact on material performance. ► Upon reduction, MnO2 transforms into LiMn2O4, which is subsequently reduced to Li2Mn2O4. ► Significant morphological changes occur, particularly to the material porosity. ► This transformation for MnO2 has not been reported previously.