Synthesis, functionalization, and applications of morphology-controllable silica-based nanostructures: A review

Morphology-controllable silica-based nanostructures (MC SiO2Ns) have been comprehensively studied because of their potential practical applications in various fields, such as biological chemistry. The superior properties of these nanostructures, including low density, biocompatibility, thermal stability, and high mechanical strength, have been the focus of research to improve their current performance. In this review, experimental parameters, morphology, and formation mechanism of MC SiO2Ns (including vesicle-like mesoporous silica, rod-like mesoporous silica, and silica mesoporous nanospheres) are discussed. Moreover, current progress in functionalization and performance improvement of MC SiO2Ns is presented. Applications of MC SiO2Ns in immobilization techniques, biological catalysis, and drug delivery are also provided.