Deformation mechanisms in high-manganese steels showing twinning-induced plasticity: Fine-grained material and single crystals at ambient and cryogenic temperatures

By conducting monotonic tension tests in different temperature regimes, including temperature changes at intermediate strain levels, the hardening behavior of commercial steel showing twinning-induced plasticity was investigated. To study the effect of grain size, both single crystals and fine-grained material were employed. Unexpectedly, the microstructural evolution at liquid nitrogen temperature and at 163 K was very similar to that observed at room temperature despite the differences in the stacking fault energies at these temperatures.