Formation of carbon nitride nanospheres by ion implantation

Carbon nitride nanospheres have been synthesized into copper by simultaneous high fluence (1018 at. cm−2) implantations of 12C and 15N ions. The composition of the implanted region has been measured using 12C(d,p0)13C and 15N(d,α0)13C nuclear reactions induced by a 1.05 MeV deuteron beam. The 12C and 15N depth profiles are very close and the retained doses into copper are relatively high, which indicates that carbon and nitrogen diffusion processes are likely limited during implantation. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) observations and electron diffraction (ED) analyses have been carried out to determine the structure of the nanospheres formed during implantation. Some consist in small hollow amorphous nanocapsules with sizes ranging from 30 to 100 nm. Large gas bubbles with diameters up to 300 nm have also been observed in the copper matrix. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) measurements performed on the small nanocapsules indicate that their shells are composed of carbon and nitrogen.