Hybrid aqueous capacitors with improved energy/power performance

This work reports on a high-voltage, hybrid capacitor involving two separate redox reactions. Aqueous solutions of Mg(NO3)2 and KI have been used for negative and positive electrode, respectively. Adjusting pH=2 for electrode (+) with KI solution and modifying Mg(NO3)2 solution to pH=9 for negative side play a crucial role for a stable long-term operation of capacitor at enhanced voltage. A benefit from such a construction is a pseudocapacitive contribution from hydrogen sorption reaction on the negative electrode and high iodine/iodide activity on the positive electrode, enhancing the energy with no remarkable impact on the power profile. Proposed solution allows a high voltage (1.8 V) to be reached and thereby high power and energy performance (~20 W h/kg at 1 kW/kg) to be obtained. High long-term stability has been confirmed by floating and galvanostatic tests.