| Article ID | Journal | Published Year | Pages | File Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1550701 | Solar Energy | 2012 | 15 Pages |
Photovoltaic hybrid systems (PVHS) with 2 days of energy autonomy are shown to be optimal options for the supply of the daily energy demands of 33 base transceiver stations of MTN Cameroon. PVHS were computed for all sites using the technical data for a 150 Wp mono-crystalline module, the site specific hourly load data, the average monthly solar radiation and temperature. Hourly solar radiation data for all sites were downloaded using the solar resource module of HOMER and geographical coordinates of the selected sites. The 3-hourly temperature data available on a website maintained NASA was used to generate average monthly hourly temperatures needed in the calculation of the output of solar modules. The energy costs and breakeven grid distances for possible power options were computed using the Net Present Value Technique and financial data for selected power system components. The results with a PV module cost of 7.5 €/Wp, a remote diesel price of 1.12 €/l, a general inflation rate of 5% and a fuel escalation of 10% showed that the annual operational times of the diesel generator were in the range 3–356 h/year with renewable energy fractions in the range 0.89–1.00. However, only 22 PVHS had two parallel battery strings as stipulated in the request for proposal launched by MTN Cameroon in 2008. The PV array sizes evaluated for the 22 PVHS were found to be the range 2.4–10.8 kWp corresponding to daily energy demands in the range 7.31–31.79 kW h/d. The energy costs and breakeven grid distances determined were in the ranges 0.81–1.32 €/kW h and 10.75–32.00 km respectively.
► Optimal photovoltaic hybrid systems (PVHSs) are evaluated for 33 sites of MTN Cameroon (MTN-C). ► Optimal PVHS are d computed using a recent PVHS sizing method and the Net Present Value Technique. ► Annual diesel generator hours found are 3–356 and renewable energy fractions are 0.89–1.00. ► Energy costs computed are 0.81–1.32 €/kW h and breakeven grid distances are 10.75–32.00 km. ► PV array sizes for the terms of MTN-C are 2.4–10.8 kWp for energy demands of 7.31–31.79 kW h/d.
