On the dynamics and control of through-plane water distributions in PEM fuel cells

We provide a semi-analytic solution to simplify an experimentally validated numeric realization of a two-phase, reaction–diffusion, distributed parameter model of the through-plane water distributions as they evolve inside polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell gas diffusion layers. The semi-analytic solution is then analyzed for stability and to gain insight into the dynamics of the equilibrium (steady-state) water distributions. Candidate distributions for vapor and liquid water are then identified which allow maximum membrane hydration while simultaneously avoiding voltage degradation that results from anode liquid water accumulation (flooding). The desired anode water distributions could be maintained via control of the anode channel conditions (boundary value control) with the ultimate goal to maximize the hydrogen utilization and prolong fuel cell life.