Simulation of granular flow in 2-D hoppers using the Caram–Hong model

The Caram–Hong stochastic model for granular motion in hoppers or silos was applied, with minor modification, to describe the flow of particles in 2D batch hoppers. The predictions of the model were compared to experimental measurements, made by particle image velocimetry, on a laboratory hopper containing zinc particles. With respect to both the spatial variation of particle velocity and the rate of descent of the top surface of the bed, the model showed satisfactory agreement with the experimental data.