Correlating phase and microstructure development versus dielectric properties in La3+ and Er3+ co-doped Bi4Ti3O12 ferroelectric ceramics

Bi3.25La0.75−xErxTi3O12 and Bi3.25La0.75Ti3−xErxO12−δ ceramics were prepared and studied in this work in terms of dopant-induced phase and microstructure development as well as dielectric response. The results show that introduction of Er3+ tends to reduce the materials’ sintering temperature and average grain size. Moreover, it was noted that in these systems the substitution site of this dopant is controlled by valence state and ionic radii mismatch effects. In particular, even when a nominal substitution of Ti4+ is conceived, here it is found that Er3+ also incorporates at the (Bi,La)3+ sites. These and other interesting concluding remarks from this work, including Er3+ tolerance, were possible only after comparing, especially, the X-ray diffraction results and the intrinsic ferroelectric characteristics extracted from the dielectric measurements.

► Substitution site for Er3+ is regulated by valence state and ionic radii mismatch. ► When introduced to substitute for Ti4+, Er3+ also incorporates at (Bi,La)3+ sites. ► Dielectric properties’ strength depends on substitution site and materials density.