Effects of high-energy ball milling oxide-doped and varistor ceramic powder on ZnO varistor

ZnO varistor ceramics doped with Bi2O3, Sb2O3, Co2O3, Cr2O3, and MnO2 were prepared separately by two high-energy ball milling processes: oxide-doped and varistor ceramic powder. A comparison in the electrical and microstructural properties of the samples obtained by both methods was made. The best results on these characteristics were achieved through the high-energy ball milling varistor ceramic powder route, obtaining a nonlinear coefficient of 57 and a breakdown field of 617 V/mm at a sintering temperature of 1000 °C for 3 h. The samples synthesized by this technique show not only high density value, 95% of the theoretical density, but also a homogeneous microstructure, which compete with those obtained by the high-energy ball milling oxide-doped powder route. With the advantage that the high-energy ball milling varistor ceramic powder route can refine grain, increase the driving force of sintering, accelerate the sintering process, and reduce the sintering temperature.