The European X-ray free-electron laser facility in Hamburg

Activities on free-electron laser (FEL) X-ray sources, based on linear accelerators, to produce spatially coherent, ultra-short (∼100 fs) pulses with very high peak brilliance (1028–1032 photons/s/mm2/mrad2/0.1% BW) are summarized, with special emphasis on the European XFEL project in Hamburg. The scientific case includes time-resolved studies of dynamics on sub-ps scales, structural studies by imaging of non-periodic systems, and investigation of high energy-density phenomena such as non-linear X-ray optics and the production of warm dense matter. Examples are presented, with reference to the experience gained on the presently operational facilities, FLASH at DESY, Hamburg and LCLS in Stanford, California.