PFI (port fuel injection) of n-butanol and direct injection of biodiesel to attain LTC (low-temperature combustion) for low-emissions idling in a compression engine

► Direct injection of biodiesel with n-butanol PFI (port fuel injection) resulted in LTC (low-temperature combustion), reducing both soot and NOx, modifying their tradeoff. ► NOx was reduced by 74% while soot was reduced by 98% at 3 bar IMEP (indicated mean effective pressure) without exhaust after-treatment. ► Engine studies showed that use of n-butanol impacts the heat release and combustion temperature resulting in LTC regions. ► The results show that n-butanol - biodiesel mixtures can be viable fuel alternatives for emissions reductions.