3-D interpretative modelling applied to the geology of the Kawerau geothermal system, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

•3-D visualisation of the geology is key to understanding complex data sets.•The model provided insight into the geological and structural framework of Kawerau.•Interpretations of geology and structure can easily be tested in the 3-D space.•Development of parallel models led to quicker identification of errors.•The 3-D geological framework supports effective adaptive management of the field.

Successful development of a geothermal system requires reliable information on its permeability and fluid pathways, which can be fault-controlled and/or influenced by the lateral extent of its reservoir rocks. Utilisation of implicit 3-D visualisation and modelling software allows complex geological and structural framework models to be established that support exploration, and help constrain borehole-targeting with reduced drilling risk and cost. The ability to model geology in a 3-D interface has provided new insights regarding the geological framework, controls on deep-seated permeability, volcanic and basement stratigraphic correlations, and geothermal system evolution in a case study from Kawerau, New Zealand.