Sonodynamic effects of protoporphyrin IX disodium salt on isolated sarcoma 180 cells

The cytotoxic effect of PPIX on isolated sarcoma 180 cells induced by ultrasound was investigated. Tumor cells suspended in air-saturated PBS (pH 7.2) were exposed to ultrasound at 2.2 MHz for up to 60 s in the presence and absence of protoporphyrin IX disodium salt (PPIX). The viability of cells was determined by a trypan blue exclusion test. The rate of ultrasonically induced cell damage was increased with 40–160 μM PPIX, while no cell damage was observed with 160 μM PPIX alone. This enhancement of cell damage with PPIX was inhibited by histidine. The participation of lipid peroxidation products in the cell damage process was also investigated. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation of the surface of cells was performed to evaluate the morphological changes induced by ultrasonic irradiation. The results indicate the involvement of a sonochemical mechanism.