Ultrasound velocity in human muscle in vivo: Perspective for edema studies

The present study examines the association of the changes in ultrasound velocity measured at 1 MHz using 1.5 μs duration tone burst in the human soleus muscle in vivo with several pathologies including patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) and disorders of the cardiovascular system. Total 127 subjects were investigated, with approximately equal number of male and female subjects uniformly distributed by age, from 15 to 70 years old. Since molecular composition of the tissue is thought to have greater effect on the bulk ultrasound velocity, potential contribution of both water and fat, two main variable components of a muscle, were taken into account. Observed negative correlation of ultrasound velocity with the body mass index was considered a result of an elevated fat content. Based on the obtained data, presence of leg edemas results in a measurably lower ultrasound velocity in the soleus muscle. Unless patients had visibly detected leg edema, no difference between healthy individuals, patients with chronic heart failure, or CRF was found. Despite relatively high individual variations in velocity, ranging from 1530 to 1615 m/s, a statistically significant gender correlated difference between average values of the velocity was observed. No dependence of velocity on subject age was detected. An indirect confirmation of the muscle fluid homeostasis was revealed in patients with CRF undergoing hemodialysis procedure. After hemodialysis, a significantly smaller increase (0.3% in average) of ultrasound velocity in the soleus muscle was observed than otherwise could be expected if a uniform relative loss of total body fluids was assumed (1-1.3%). In general, the study findings set a premise for using ultrasound velocity as a potential quantitative parameter for edema assessment.